ISL_M A CHALLENGE TO FAITH STUDIES ON THE MOH_MM_DAN RELIGION AND THE NEEDS AND OPPORTUNITIES OF THE MOH_MM_DAN WORLD FROM THE STANDPOINT OF CHRISTIAN MISSIONS BY SAMUEL M. ZWEMER, F.R.G.S. SECETARY, STUDENT VOLUNTEER MOVEMENT MY. IN ARABIA NEW YORK LAYMEN'S MY. MOVEMENT

CONTENTS CHAPTER I THE ORIGIN AND SOURCES OF ISL_M    Importance of the Subject.--To the statesman and the Chris- tian--Why was Isl_m triumphant?--The condition of Arabia be- fore Isl_m--Civilization.    Pagan Arabia.--The tribes--The trade routes--The political situation--Roman rule in Mecca.    Social Conditions.--The position of women--chivalry-- polygamy and marriage--Isl_m no improvement.    Pre-Isl_mic Literature.--The poets--Okatz--The science of writing and its materials.    Arabian Polytheism.-- Shahristani's testimony--The various re- ligions of Arabia--Sacred places--Sacrifices--The gods--All_h-- --General decadence of old religions--Reasons for it.    The Jews of Arabia.--Origin--Their colonies and location-- How Moh_mm_d could borrow from them--Their legends and stories--How much Isl_m owes them.    Christianity in Arabia Before Isl_m.--When did it enter?-- Early diffusion--Monks--Simon Stylites--The Christians of Yemen--Bishoprics--The martyrs of Nejran--Abraha and his expedition against Mecca--Arabian Christianity--Moh_mm_d not ignorant of Christianity--But he lacked sympathy.    The Hanifs--Their name and beliefs--Examples--One of them becomes a Christian.    Isl_m a Composite Religion.-- Moh_mm_d the genius who col- lected the material and put new life into the old faiths. . . . .Page 1 CHAPTER II MOH_MM_D, THE PROPHET OF ISL_M    Introductory.--Moh_mm_d's birth, his name and the reasons for his wide influence--What a believing Mosl_m thinks of it.    A Mosl_m Portrait.--Kamal-ud-Din Ad-Damiri and his book --The pen-portrait of a perfect man--What Aisha and Ali said in regard to his life, character and death. ix

X     CONTENTS    The factors in Moh_mm_d's Life.--His environment--The four chief factors--(1) Political factor--The time in which he lived --(2) Religious factor--The Hanifs--(3) The family factor-- Power of the Koreish--(4) The genius of Moh_mm_d-- Khadi- jah's influence.    The First Period of His Life.--Date of birth--Sent out to be nursed--The orphan boy's plaint--His first journey--A shepherd --His mercantile expedition and marriage--First revelations-- Early converts--Persecution--Flight of converts to Abyssinia-- Death of Khadijah--Akaba--The Flight to Medina.    The Second Period.--Change of circumstances and mission-- Hostilities against Koreish--Bedr--Its cruelty--Ohod--War against the Jews--Zainab--The campaign of Khaibar--First pil- grimage--Entrance into Mecca--Other expeditions and revolts-- Last days--Death of Moh_mm_d.    Personal Appearance.--Height -- Complexion -- Beard -- Com- manding presence--Clarke's reference.    His Character.--A problem of history--Various opinions-- The theory of two periods in his life and character--Sprenger's re- marks on his epileptic fits--His comparison of Moh_mm_d's ca- reer to Goethe's Faust--The question of Moh_mm_d's moral character--The three standards--Moh_mm_d, in the light of the New Testament--The prophet and the pagan code of morals-- Margoliouth's opinion of early Mosl_m morality--Moh_mm_d and his own law--His relation to women--The superabounding sensuality of Moh_mm_d--The sources of our information all Mosl_m, and therefore in Moh_mm_d's favor.    The Apotheosis of Moh_mm_d.--How the portrait of history became idealized--Moh_mm_d's titles--His honor--Place in Heaven--Use of his name--Man made in its image--He holds the keys of Heaven--Is a mediator--The story of the wicked Jew.    The Coronation Hymn of Isl_m.--El Burda--Editions and translations--The author--Story of its composition--Contents-- Character--Influence--Source--Object--Was Moh_mm_d a bea- con light?--Moh_mm_d as an example, and his influence. .Page 29 CHAPTER III THE SPREAD OF ISL_M    Isl_m a My. Religion.--Max Müller's classification--A my. faith from the beginning--Rapid spread--Extent to- day--Its conquest of North Africa--Akba's challenge.    Three Periods of Conquest.--The days of the caliphs-- World- ly motives in the spread of Isl_m--More recent advances under the Turks, Moguls and in the present century.    Arabia and Syria.--The apostles of the sword--Revolt of the

CONTENTS     xi Arab tribes after Moh_mm_d's death--Khalid's campaigns--Ara- bia subdued--Syria--Chaldea--The failure of Isl_m in converting the Christians.    Africa.--Three periods of conquest--Egypt invaded-- Tripoli-- Morocco--Three streams of immigration--Isl_m in Abyssinia--It crosses the Sahara--Sokota--Abdul Kadir--The Mahdi--The Senusi derwishes--Their power and strongholds.    Europe.--Isl_m enters Spain-- Italy--The Ottoman Turks in Europe--Physical reasons for limit of northern conquest--Ar- nold's account.    Persia and Central Asia.--Battle of Nehavend--Conquest of Persia--Significance for Isl_m--Bokhara and Turkestan--Present condition--The testimony of a my.    China.--An example of propagation without the sword-- Early commercial intercourse with Arabia--Wahab bin Kabsha--Mos- l_ms in Canton--Arab settlements--Character of Isl_m in China --Present extent and growth--Method of propaganda--Will China become Mosl_m?    India.--Its large Mosl_m population--How Isl_m entered-- Condition of India in the eighth century--The first invasion-- Sindh conquered--Examples of butchery--The invasion from the North in the tenth century--Mahmud, the idol-breaker--Moham- med Baktiyar--The Mogul emperors--Isl_m in Southern India-- Result of conquest.    The Malay Archipelago.--Sumatra--The Moluccas--The Phil- ippines as an example of how Isl_m won its way-- Meccan pil- grims in Sumatra--Isl_m in Java--The Moh_mm_dan peril--A lost opportunity--Isl_m made its conquest unchallenged.    Isl_m Our Example.--In zeal for the faith--Their [t]reaching and fighting--Moh_mm_d's saying--Contrast of Mosl_m propo- ganda with Christian--Present-day methods--In Africa--The Mosl_m sword and ours--We should do more than they . .Page 55 CHAPTER IV THE FAITH OF ISL_M    Scope of the chapter.--The relation of Mosl_m faith to practice --The six articles of their creed--Sources of this belief.    The Mosl_m Idea of [g]od.--His Unity--His character--The opinion of Hauri--Of James Freeman Clarke--How distinguished from Judaic and Christian monotheism.    The Doctrine of Angels.--Three species of spiritual beings: Angels--Classification--The four archangels--Recording angels --Avenging angels--Guardian angels.

xii     CONTENTS    Jinn--Their nature, power, abode--Cause of superstitions.    The devils--Harut and Marut.    The Books of God--Number--Classification--Condition.   The Kor_n--Its size--Chapters--Beauty--Specimen verses-- Contents --Its defects.    The Prophets of God.--Their number--The six major proph- ets, or apostles--The minor prophets--Moh_mm_d, according to history and tradition--Jesus Christ--His birth, miracles, ascen- sion--His return and death.    The Day of Judgment.--Resurrection--Paradise--Hell-- Signs of the last day.    Predestination.--Nature and practical effect of this belief-- Omar Khayyam's quatrain--How distinguished from Christian teaching . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Page 85 CHAPTER V THE RITUAL OF ISL_M    Introductory.--The roots and the branches of Isl_m--The five pillars of religion--All based on tradition, as well as on the Kor_n.    Tradition.--Immense number of traditions--Authenticity-- A specimen tradition--How handed down--How regarded--The five duties:    Confession of the Creed.--Its brevity--Its value-- Frequency of its use--How it must be repeated--Its effect on the spread of Isl_m.    Prayer.--Mosl_m prayer distinguished from Christian prayer --Prayer must be in Arabic--Posture in prayer--A praying-com- pass.--Purification as a preliminary to prayer--The use of the toothbrush--Ablutions--Moral purity--The proper times for prayer--The contents of a prayer--Special prayers--Vain repeti- tions--The call to prayer.    The Month of Fasting.--Origin--Importance--Ramazan-- Duration of fast--Its character--Its strictness--Who are exempt --Other fasts.    Legal Alms.--Origin of term used--Rate of these alms--To- tal--On whom bestowed--The wonderful hospitality of Moh_m- m_d and his followers.    The Pilgrimage.--Its influence on Isl_m--Number of annual pilgrims to Mecca--Route--Summary of the ceremonies--Cir- cumambulation of the Kaaba--The prayer--The stoning--The sacrifice--The veneration of the Black Stone.

CONTENTS     xiii    The Kaaba and Its Black Stone.--Legend of its origin-- Shape and dimensions--The Mosque--Other objects of interest--Early stone-worship in Arabia--The Black Stone an aerolite--On whom the pilgrimage is incumbent--Other places of pilgrimage--Condi- tion of the Sacred Cities.    Other Religious Practices.--(a) Circumcision -- (b) Feasts-- The two chief feast-days--The Feast of Sacrifice--Its origin and character--(c) Jihad, or religious warfare-- Taught by the Ko- r_n--Attempted apology for this teaching--Marcus Dod's reply-- The witness of history--The witness of the Mosl_m press on this subject--The use of the sword an open question--Saying of Mo- h_mm_d on its use--A Jihad for Jesus Christ . . . . . . . .Page 99 CHAPTER VI THE ETHICS OF ISL_M    The Basis of Mosl_m Ethics.-- Definition--Highest good, vir- tue, and the moral law in Isl_m.    Its Real Character.--Some breadth, but no depth--The moral life consists in externals--No inner struggle--Prohibitions--This form of ethics a retrogression.    The Mosl_m Idea of Sin.-- Definition--Classification--Terms used--No distinction between moral and ceremonial law--Exam- ples--All_h not immutably just.    Their Low Ideal of Character.--Moh_mm_d as ideal of con- duct--Raymund Lull's indictment--Moh_mm_d's idea of truthful- ness--His cruelty--Lying as a fine art.    Isl_m and the Decalogue.--Moh_mm_d's nine commandments-- Interpretation of the commandments--Things allowed by Mosl_m ethics.    Polygamy, Divorce, and Slavery.--These are inseparable from Isl_m--Effect on morals--The privileges of a true believer-- Status of women--Marriage.    The Slave Trade.--Allowed--Legislated for--Position of a slave--Present-day traffic--Slave market of Mecca--Jiddah port of entry.    The Social Bankruptcy of Isl_m.-- "By their fruits ye shall know them"--The Bedouin Arabs on Isl_m--Result of Isl_m in Turkey--In the Soudan--In Arabia--Professor Vambery on Mo- h_mm_dan misrule.    Mosl_m Ethics a Plea for Missions.--The testimony of Bos- worth Smith--Superiority of Christian ethics--Our duty to carry it to the Mosl_m . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Page 119

xiv     CONTENTS CHAPTER VII DIVISION, DISINTEGRATION, AND REFORM    Why Isl_m Became Divided.-- Contact and conflict with older civilizations--The Aryan against the Semite--The prophet's life as a factor.    Number of Sects.--Classification--Table.    The Sunnis.--Their basis of faith--Philosophy--Schools of theology--Difference of the four schools--Books.    The Shiahs.--Their hatred of the orthodox party-- Divisions-- The Imamate--The Mahdi--Effect of this teaching--Other dif- ferences--How extremes meet--Number.    Other Sects.--The Ghalias--The Jabariyah--Kadariyah-- Wild speculations on the form of God--Disintegration--Pantheistic and other mfluences--Especially in Persia--Mysticism in Isl_m.    Sufiism.--Origin of the name--Leading doctrines--The perfect man--Sufi poetry--Examples--The story of Imad-ud-Din's ex- perience.    The Derwish Orders.--Their power--Obedience to Leadership --Poverty--Journeys--Classification--Orders--Political aim and power.    The Babis and Behais.--A protest against Isl_m--Real origin-- The "Doors"--Mirza Ali Mohammed--His martyrdom-- Division of the sect--Significance of Babism--A my.'s opinion on the Behais--Their number--Morality.    The Wahabis.--Attempt at reformation--Abd-ul-Wahib-- His education--His aim--His method--How is his teaching distin- guished from orthodox Islam?--His conflict with Arabs, Turks, and British--Was it a reformation?--The verdict of Arabia.     Page 135 CHAPTER VIII THE PRESENT CONDITION OF THE MOSL_M WORLD    Isl_m a World-wide Religion.-- Present extent in numbers, area, and languages--The cosmopolitan character of the pilgrim- age at Mecca--Number of pilgrims annually.    Numbers.--Estimates, rather than complete census--Various in- dependent estimates of total population--Discrepancy.    Geographical Distribution.--In Africa--Alarming increase- -Dr. Miller's testimony--Direction of spread in Africa--Isl_m in Asia and Europe--Lands predominantly Mosl_m--Isl_m in India-- Bengal--China--The Philippines--Russia.    Distribution by Languages.--Arabic--Its extent and influence

CONTENTS     xv in the Mosl_m world--Other Mosl_m languages--Translations of the Kor_n--Of the Bible in Mosl_m tongues--The literary lan- guages of Isl_m.    Political Division.--Present condition a proof of God's hand in history--The caliphate in 907 A. D. and to-day--Table of politi- cal division of the Moh_mm_dan world--Mosl_ms under Chris- tian rulers.    Present Political Unrest.--Dar-ul-Harb and Dar-ul-Isl_m--The Zimmis--Cause of unrest--The Mecca pamphlet--The call to re- bellion in the paper, Ez-Zahir--Egypt and India to rise against England--Testimony of Mon. G. Honotaux--Unrest in the Dutch East Indies--Mass-meeting in Calcutta--Is the danger real or is it a political scarecrow?--Policy of European governments to- ward Isl_m--The British in West Africa--In Egypt--The Dutch in Java.    Social Condition of Mosl_m Lands.--The law of cause and ef- fect operative--Arabia an example of what Isl_m does for a people, socially and morally--Conditions in other lands--Balu- chistan--Mosl_m morals in India--In Africa--The slave-market at Mecca.    Illiteracy.--Its appalling extent and per cent.--In Tripoli, Egypt, Algiers--In Turkey and Arabia--The system of education in Mecca--The curriculum--Illiteracy in Persia and Baluchistan --Surprising illiteracy among Mosl_ms in India-- Superstition and bigotry a result of illiteracy.    The Intellectual Awakening.--The new wine and the old wine- skins--The New Isl_m--Sir Sayad Ahmad of Aligarh-- His reforms--Present tendency in India--Aligarh College--Attempted reforms at Cairo--The press and the New Isl_m--A crisis for the old faith--Mustapha Pasha Kamil's address in London--The future of Isl_m . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Page 155 CHAPTER IX MISSIONS TO MOSL_MS    A Neglected Problem.--Long neglect and reasons for it- -Lull's testimony--Modern neglect illustrated.    Early Attitude of the Church.--Isl_m a foe and a scourge-- Mutual hatred--Ignorance of Isl_m--Alanus de Insulis.    John Damascenus [?] and Petrus Venerabilis [?].-- John of Damas- cus and his book on Isl_m--The books of Petrus, and his method --Results.    Raymund Lull [RC].--His character and attainments--Early life-- Conversion--Studies--[T]eaching--Exile--Martyrdom--Message.    Francis Xavier [RC].--His visit to Lahore--Discussions--Apology-- Its contents.

xvi     CONTENTS    Henry Martyn and Missions in India.--The influence of Mar- tyn--Outline of his life--Arrival in India--His Journey to Ara- bia and Persia--His translation of the Scriptures--How he pre- sented it--His death--His successors--Work in India after Mar- tyn.    Persia and Arabia.--Pfander's work--Other missions-- Keith Falconer and Arabia--Present forces.    The Turkish Empire.--Well covered with missions--The work for non-Mosl_ms--Original purpose of the Levant missions-- What has been accomplished--Indirect results--The Arabic Bible.    North Africa.--Earliest efforts in Egypt--The U. P. mission-- The C. M. S.--The North Africa mission--Unoccupied regions and multitudes unreached--Darkest Africa.    Malaysia.--Work in Sumatra--Results--Java--Large number of converts--Hausa-land and its future . . . . . . . . . . .Page 185 CHAPTER X METHODS AND RESULTS    Methods Used to Reach Mosl_ms.--Faith essential--Its char- acter--The distribution of the Bible--Medical missions--Educa- tional institutions--Preaching--Its method, possibility, character --The place of controversy--Its use and abuse--Table of books-- How to deal with inquirers.    Results.--Indirect and direct-- The strategic centres already oc- cupied--List of Mosl_m cities which have over 100,000 population --Its significance--Bible translations--Other literature--Converts --In India--Egypt--Persia--Turkey--North Africa--Sumatra's harvest--Eighteen thousand converts in Java--A word from Bok- hara . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Page 209 CHAPTER XI THE PROBLEM AND THE PERIL    The Evangelization of the Moh_mm_dan World.--Mills and the Haystack Band--The difficulties of the problem--Sheikh Abd- ul-Hak's challenge--How we must meet it--The factors in the problem.    Occupied and Unoccupied Lands.-- Classification of the lands that are Mosl_m--India and China--The border-marches of Is- l_m--Egypt as a strategic centre--The great cities--Unoccupied fields--The Central Soudan--Its area and population--Destitution --Rev. J. Aitkin's testimony--Asia and the unoccupied Mosl_m

CONTENTS     xvii fields--Twelve lands unreached--The story of a lost opportunity --Kafiristan--The Philippines--Russia and China--Is it impos- sible?    The Mosl_m Peril.--Where Isl_m is on the increase--The dan- ger in West Africa--Testimony of Pastor Würz--Baluchistan-- Bengal--Mission methods of Mosl_ms in India-- Professor Carl Meinhof on the peril in Africa--Uganda an example.    Pan-lsl_mism.--Defined--Its press--Methods--Character, ac- cording to Lord Cromer--Threefold characteristics--Retrograde tendency--Political importance--What of the future?--Dr. Geo. E. Post's words--The parable of the locusts--Wanted Mis- sions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Page 223 CHAPTER XII A CHALLENGE TO FAITH    Unprecedented Opportunities.- -Is there real danger?--Hopeful- ness of the situation--Political division of the Mosl_m world-- Influence of Christian rule--Distances and dangers diminished-- The challenge of the press--Literary work for China--Medical missions--Educational opportunities--Especially in Persia--The disintegration of Isl_m--In India--Various sects and their sig- nificance.    The Cairo Conference.--Its origin--Character--Appeal--For more mies.--Better preparation--The call for women workers to meet a great need--What it will cost.    The Challenge.--The kind of workers needed--Testimony of the Bishop of Lahore--Of Dr. Wherry--The great need is for volunteers--Christ is waiting--God wills it--"Thy will be done" --Isl_m a challenge to faith . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Page 243

APPENDIX A CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE OF IMPORTANT EVENTS IN THE HISTORY OF ISL_M AND OF MISSIONS TO MOSL_MS A. D.     ISL_M 570. Birth of Moh_mm_d at Mecca. 595. Yemen passes under Persian rule. 610. Moh_mm_d begins his pro- .ic career. 622. The Heg., or... from Mecca to Me- dina (A. H. 1). 623. Battle of Bedr. 624. Battle of Ohod. 628. Reputed mission of Abu Kab- sha to China. 630. Mecca entered and conquered. 632. Death of Moh_mm_d.   Abu Bekr, first caliph. 634. Omar, Caliph; Jews and Chris- tians expelled from Arabia. 636. Capture of Jerusalem by the Caliph Omar. 637. Conquest of Syria. 638. Kufa and Busrah founded. 640. Capture of Alexandria by Omar. 642. Conquest of Persia. 644. Othman, Caliph. 661. Ali assassinated.   Hassan be- comes Caliph. 662-750. Omayid caliphs at Damas- cus. 710-1492. Moh_mm_dan rule in Spain. 711. Tarik crosses the straits from Africa to Europe, and calls the.... 711. Moh_mm_d Kasim overruns Sindh (India) in the name of Walid I of Damascus. 732. Battle of Tours.   Europe saved from Isl_m. A. D.     MISSIONS   259

260     ISL_M: A CHALLENGE TO FAITH [...] A. D.     MISSIONS 830. Abd el Messia Al Kindy, a Christian, at the Court of Al Mamun, writes his apology. 1096-1272. The Crusades [RCC]. 1315. Raymund Lull [RC], first my. to Mosl_ms stoned to death at Bugia, Tunis. 1452. Perfection of art of printing by Guttenberg. 1596. Xavier [RC] holds discussions with the Mosl_ms at Lahore.

APPENDIX A     261 [...] A. D.     MISSIONS 1806. Henry Martyn reaches India. 1820. Levi Parsons and Pliny Fiske, first mies. from Ameri- ca, reach Smyrna. 1822. American Mission Press found- ed in Malta. 1826. Church My. Society at- tempts a mission in Egypt. 1827. Dr. Eli Smith begins transla- tion of the Arabic Bible. 1829. My. C. G. Pfander vis- its Persia. 1831. Constantinople occupied by American Board of Commis- sioners for Foreign Missions. 1833. American mission begun at Tabriz. 1836. Scriptures published in Græco- Turkish. 1847. Aintab occupied by American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions. 1851. Church My. Society be- gins mission in Palestine. 1856. Hatti Sherif, or charter of re- ligious freedom, obtained for Turkey. 1857. Harpoot occupied. 1858. Mardin occupied. 1860. Dr. Van Dyck's translation of Arabic New Testament issued. 1862. The Rhenish Mission enters Sumatra. 1863. Syrian Protestant College founded at Beirut. 1866. First Girls' Boarding-school, Cairo. 1868. Imad-ud-Din ordained at Am- ritsar.

262     ISL_M: A CHALLENGE TO FAITH [...] A. D.     MISSIONS 1869. Cornerstone laid of Robert College at Constantinople. 1869. Rev. Robert Bruce visits Is- pahan, Persia. 1871. Bible House built at Constan- tinople. 1872. Teheran occupied by the Pres- byterian Mission. 1875. Church My. Society be- gins mission work in Persia. 1876. Euphrates College established at Harpoot 1876. Church My. Society opens mission at Ispahan, Persia. 1881. North Africa Mission organ- ized. 1882. Church My. Society begins work in Egypt. 1883. Mission work begun at Bag- dad by the Church My. Society. 1885. Keith-Falconer begins work at Aden. 1889. The (American) Arabian Mis- sion organized. 1890. James Cautine, first America my. to Arabia, sails for the field. 1891. Bishop French died at Mus- cat. 1893. Mizra Ibrahim martyred in Persia. 1906. American Board of Commis- sioners for Foreign Missions opens work for Mosl_ms at Mindanao, P. I. 1906. The first general My. Conference on behalf of the Mohamm_dan world held at Cairo. 1907. The Foreign Mission Board, Methodist Episcopal Church, begins work in Algiers.

APPENDIX B WILLIAM GIFFORD PALGRAVE'S CHARAC- TERIZATION OF ALL_H 263-264

APPENDIX C THOMAS PATRICK HUGHES' CHARACTERIZA- TION OF MOHAMM_D 265-267

APPENDIX D LIST OF MY. SOCIETIES THE PRINCIPAL MY. SOCIETIES AND BOARDS WORK-    ING IN MOSL_M LANDS OR AMONG MOSL_MS, DIRECTLY    OR INDIRECTLY, ARE AS FOLLOWS: American Bible Society (organized, 1816), New York; periodical, Bible So-    ciety Record; field, The Levant, Arabia. [Info only] American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions (organized, 1810),    Boston, Mass.; periodical, My. Herald; field, Turkish Empire,    India. Arabian Mission (organized, 1889), New York; periodicals, Mission Field;    Neglected Arabia; field, Arabia. Basel Evangelical My. Society (1815), Basel, Switzerland; periodical,    Der Evangelische Heidenbote; field, West Africa. Bible Lands Missions' Aid Society (1856), London, England; periodical,    Star in the East; field, Egypt, Levant, Arabia. Board of Foreign Missions, Methodist Episcopal Church (1889), New York;    periodical, World-Wide Missions; field, India, Algiers. Board of Foreign Missions of the Presbyterian Church in the U. S. A.    (1837), New York; periodical, Assembly Herald; field, Syria, Persia,    India. Board of Foreign Missions of the United Presbyterian Church of North    America (1859), Philadelphia, Pa.; periodical, United Presbyterian Church    Record; field, Egypt, India. British and Foreign Bible Society (1804), London, England; periodical, Bible    Society Reporter: field, North Africa, Persia, India, etc. [Info only] Cambridge Mission to Delhi (1867), Cambridge, England; field, India. Central Morocco Medical Mission (1894), Dennistown, Glasgow, Scotland;    field, Morocco. China Inland Mission (1865), Mildmay, London, England; periodical,    China's Millions; field, Yunnan Shensi. Christian and My. Alliance (1887), New York; periodical, Christian    and My. Alliance; field, Palestine. Church My. Society (1799), Salisbury Square, London, England; pe-    riodicals, Church My. Gleaner, Mercy and Truth, Church My.    Review; field, Egypt, Uganda, Persia, Palestine, India, Arabia, East    Africa. Church of England Zenana My. Society, 27 Chancery Lane, Lon-    don, England; periodical, India's Women; field, India. Deutsche Orient Mission, near Berlin, Germany; periodical, Der Christliche    Orient; field, Bulgaria, Persia. Egypt General Mission (1898), Belfast, Ireland; periodical, Egypt General    Mission News; field, Lower Egypt. Foreign Missions of the United Free Church of Scotland (1900), Edinburgh,    Scotland; periodical, United Free Church Record; field, Arabia. 268

APPENDIX D     269 Java Comité (1855) Amsterdam, Holland; periodical, Geillustreerd Zend-    ingsblad; field, Java. Netherlands My. Society (1797), Rotterdam, Holland; periodical,    Moandberichten, Mededeelingen; field, Java. Netherlands: Union for the Propagation of the Gospel in Egypt (1886),    Amsterdam, Holland; field, Egypt. North Africa Mission (1881), London, E. C., England; periodical, North    Africa; field, Egypt, Tunis, Tripoli, Morocco. Rhenish My. Society, Barmen, Germany; periodical, Missionsblatt    Barmen; field, Sumatra. Society for the Propagation of the Gospel in Foreign Parts (1701), Lon-    don, England; periodicals, The Mission Field, The East and the West;    field, East Africa. Southern Morocco Mission (1888), Glasgow, Scotland; periodical, The    Reaper; field, Morocco. Soudan Pioneer Mission (1900), Wiesbaden, Germany; periodical, Der    Soudan Pionier; field, Assuan. Universities Mission to Central Africa (1858), London, England; field,    Central Africa. [Info only: Anglo-Catholic.] United Soudan Mission (----), Germantown, Pennsylvania; field, ---- Danish Evangelical Church; field, South Arabia. The Orient Mission (Danish); field, Damascus and Palmyra. "Fosterlandsmissionen" (Stockholm); field, Eritrea, E. Africa. Nederlandsche Zendingsvereeniging (Rotterdam); field, W. Java. Doopsgezinde Zendingsvereeniging; field, Java and Sumatra. Salatigo Zending; field, Java. Reformed Church of the Netherlands; field, Java.

APPENDIX E SELECT BIBLIOGRAPHY FOR REFERENCE AND FURTHER STUDY CHAPTER I On Arabia Before Isl_m CAUSSIN DE PERCEVAL, A. P.--Essai sur l'Histoire des Arabes avant l'Islamisme, pendant l'Epoque de Mahomet, et jusqua la Reduction de toutes les Tribus sous la Loi Musulmaine.   3 vols.   Paris, 1902.    This is a reprint of the original edition of 1847, and is a mine of infor- mation on the subject; generally reliable and authoritative. WELLHAUSEN, J.--Reste Arabischen Heidentums.   Second edi- tion.   Berlin, 1897.    Critical essays on the idols, the Haj, and the ancient cult of the Arabs, with reference to their literature and the origin of Isl_m. GRIMME, HUBERT.--Die Weltgeschichtliche Bedeutung Arabiens: Moh_mm_d.   Munich, 1904.    Gives an account of the Sabean civilization, and shows how much Isl_m owes to South Arabian monotheism.   The map is exceIlent; there are sixty illustrations. GOLDZIHER, IGNAZ.--Mohammedanische Studien.   2 vols.   Halle. 1890.    Critical essays on the relation between Arabian paganism and Isl_m, and on Moh_mm_dan tradition.   Invaluable to the student, but not easy read- ing. SALE, GEORGE.--Preliminary Discourse to the Kor_n.    Printed as Introduction in most editions of Sale's Kor_n.   A brief ac- count and, for the most part, reliable. MUIR, SIR WILLIAM.--Introduction to his Life of Mahomet.    Excellent. ZWEMER, S. M.--Arabia; Cradle of Isl_m.    Chapters XVI and XXIX 270

APPENDIX E     271 On the Sources of Isl_m HUGHES, T. P.--Dictionary of Isl_m.   New York and London, 1885.    A reference book of the greatest value for the whole subject, altho writ- ten from an Indian standpoint.   For this chapter see articles on Jews, Christianity, and Mecca. GEIGER, RABBI.--Was hat Moh_mm_d aus das Judentum aufgenommen?   Wiesbaden, 1833.   Translation of the same: Judaism and Isl_m.   Madras, 1898.    A prize essay, and full of information on the parallels between the Tal- mud and the Kor_n. TISDALL, W. ST. CLAIR.--The Original Sources of the Qur'_n. S.P.C.K.   London, 1905.    The result of many years of study, and the best book on the whole sub- ject.   Intensely interesting, and in compact form. PAUTZ, OTTO.--Moh_mm_d's Lehre von der Offenbarung.   Leip- zig, 1898.    Contains much new material, and gives references to Mosl_m writers. Chapter III, on the relation of Isl_m to ancient paganism and Arabian Christianity, is especially important.    For further references, see the footnotes of Pautz. CHAPTER II KOELLE, S. W.--Moh_mm_d and Moh_mm_danism Critically Considered.   London, 1888.    By far the best brief biography, and from a my. standpoint.   The book gives a threefold view of Moh_mm_d as seen in the daylight of his- tory, in the moonshine of tradition and in contrast with Jesus Christ, our Saviour. MUIR, SIR WILLIAM.--Life of Mahomet.   4 vols.   London, 1858. Reprinted in abridged form; London, 1897.    The best authority in the English language.   Exhaustive. SMITH, R. BOSWORTH.--Moh_mm_d and Moh_mm_danism. London, 1876.    A strong apology for the prophet, and written in attractive style, but very one-sided.   Read with Koelle's book. SPRENGER, ALOYS.--Das Leben und die Lehre des Moh_m- m_d.   3 vols.   Berlin, 1865.   Also, Life of Moh_mm_d from original sources.   All_habad, 1851. WEIL, GUSTAV.--Das Leben Moh_mm_d.   2 vols.   Stuttgart, 1864.    Based on the earliest Mosl_m biography by Ibn Ishak, as found in Ibn Hisham.

272     ISL_M: A CHALLENGE TO FAITH AMEER, ALI.--The Spirit of Isl_m; or, The Life and Teach- ings of Moh_mm_d.   Calcutta, 1902.    Written by an Indian Mosl_m, Judge of the High Court in Bengal.   Of considerable literary merit, and perhaps the most clever, though unhistori- cal, apology that could be written by a follower of the New Isl_m. MARGOLIOUTH, D. S.--Moh_mm_d and the Rise of Isl_m.   Lon- don, 1905.    Written by an Oxford professor for the "Heroes of the Nations" series. Neither an apology nor an indictment, but a scholarly and yet popular biography of Moh_mm_d as founder of the Arabian Empire.   Well illus- trated, and with good bibliography.    The following biographies of Moh_mm_d can also be consulted with profit; nor is the list complete: SIR WALTER RALEIGH.--The Life and Death of Mahomet.   1637. GIBBON'S chapter in his Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire. WELLHAUSEN, in Das Arabische Reich und sein Sturz. L. KREHL (1884).--Moh_mm_d. H. GRIMME (1892).--Moh_mm_d. THOMAS CARLYLE.--The Hero as Prophet (in Heroes and Hero- Worship.) WASHINGTON IRVING (1850).--The Life of Mahomet. GEORGE BUSH (1844.)--The Life of Mahomet. MARCUS DODS, in Moh_mm_d, B_ddha, and Christ.   1878. P. DE LACY JOHNSTONE.--Muh_mm_d and His Power.   1901. A. N. WOLLASTON.--The Sword of Isl_m.   1905. CHAPTER III ARNOLD, T. W.--The Preaching of Isl_m: A history of the Propagation of the Musl_m Faith.   Westminster, 1896.    The fullest and best account of the spread of Isl_m from the earliest times until to-day.   The author, however, is an apologist for Isl_m, and tries to show that the sword was not used to any large extent in the propagation of this faith.   His arguments are often fallacious.   Exhaustive bibliography of nearly three hundred books in many languages. HAINES, C. R.--Isl_m as a My. Religion.   1889.    A good brief account of the rise and spread of Isl_m, giving causes of its success.   Not quite up to date. OSBORN, MAJOR.--Isl_m under the Arabs.   London, 1876.

APPENDIX E     273 OSBORN, MAJOR.--Isl_m under the Khalifs of Bagdad.   1878.    These books state the case against Moh_mm_d and Isl_m very strongly. Good corrective for those who have read Arnold's book. BONET-MAURY, G.--L'Islamisme et le Christianisme en Afrique. Paris, 1906.    A splendid monograph on the conflict between Christianity and Isl_m in Africa from 630 A. D. to the present.   Good map. MULLER, DR. A.--Der Isl_m im Morgen und Abendland.   2 vols.   With many maps and beautiful illustrations.   Berlin, 1885.    The standard work on the history of Arab empire in the East and the West.   Indispensable to the student of Mosl_m history. MUIR, SIR WILLIAM.--The Caliphate; Its Rise, Decline and Fall.   London, 1897.    Best book on the first period of Mosl_m conquest. HUNTER, SIR W. W.--Our Indian Mussulmans.   London, 1871. WHERRY, E. M.--Isl_m and Christianity in India and the Far East.   New York: Fleming H. Revell Co., 1907.    A splendid piece of work; authoritative and up to date.   Containing valu- able appendix on the work of the my. as a preacher to Mosl_ms. DE THIERSANT, P. D'AERY.--La Mahometisme en Chine.   2 vols. Paris, 1878.    The authoritative book on Isl_m in China. SHEDD, W. A.--Isl_m and the Oriental Churches: Their his- torical relations.   Philadelphia, 1904.    Covers the period 600-1500 A. D.   The whole work is a most important contribution to the history of Mosl_m propagandism. WOLLASTON, ARTHUR N.--The Sword of Isl_m.   New York, 1905.    A popular account of Isl_m and the early caliphate.   Illustrated. CHAPTER IV On the Whole Chapter KLEIN, F. A.--The Religion of Isl_m.   London: Trubner & Co., 1906.    A scholarly book which gives all the references in the original Arabic. Facts without deductions.   Best for mies. SELL, E.--The Faith of Isl_m.   Chapter IV.   London: Trubner & Co., 1896.    Minute and thorough.   Valuable for reference.

274     ISL_M: A CHALLENGE TO FAITH TISDALL, W. ST. CLAIR.--The Original Sources of the Qur'_n. S.P.C.K.   London, 1905.    Traces Mosl_m beliefs to the original heathen, Zoroastrian, and Jewish sources.   Invaluable and compact handbook. MACDONALD, DUNCAN B.--The Religious Attitude and Life in Isl_m.   Chicago, 1909.    An attempt to outline the Semitic religious beliefs as opposed to the systematic theology of Isl_m. On the Mosl_m Idea of God ZWEMER, S. M.--The Mosl_m Doctrine of God.   A.T.S.   New York, 1905.    A monograph, from a my. standpoint. PALGRAVE, W. G.--Narrative of a Year's Journey through Arabia. Vol. I, pp. 365-367.    His famous characterization of All_h.   A full-length portrait of the God of the Wahabi sect of Isl_m. CLARKE, J. F.--Ten Great Religions.   Vol. II, p. 68, etc. On Angels and Jinn The Arabian Nights.   (LANE'S or BURTON'S edition.) HUGHES, T. P.--Dictionary of Isl_m.   Art.   Genii, Angels, etc. LANE.--Manners and Customs of Modern Egyptians.   2 vols. London. On the Kor_n SALE'S Translation for the Introduction; PALMER'S for the text; RODWELL'S for chronological order of the chapters. MUIR, SIR WILLIAM.--The Cor_n: Its Composition and Teach- ing.   S.P.C.K.   London, 1878.    A valuable compendium; accurate and brief. WHERRY, E. M.--A Comprehensive Commentary on the Qur'_n. London, 1882. Very valuable for reference, and has a complete index. On Moh_mm_d (See Bibliography of Chapter II.)

APPENDIX E     275 On Jesus Christ HUGHES.--Dictionary of Isl_m.   Pp. 229-235. ZWEMER, S. M.--Mosl_m Doctrine of God.   Pp. 83-89. GEROCK, C. F.--Christologie des Kor_n.   Hamburg, 1839. On Eschatology of Isl_m Read Chapter X, on the Hell of Isl_m, in STANLEY LANE-POOLE'S Studies in a Mosque. KLEIN describes the Mosl_m paradise, and quotes authorities. AMEER ALI, in The Spirit of Isl_m.   Pp. 227-240.   Calcutta, 1902.    Gives an apology and attempts to spiritualize or rationalize the orthodox literalism. On Predestination DE VLIEGER, A.--La Predestination dans la Theologie Musulmane. Leyden, 1902. DE BOER, T. J.-History of Philosophy in Isl_m.   London: Luzac & Co., 1903.    Gives history of the conflict between the orthodox and rationalistic par- ties in Isl_m. CHAPTER V On the Whole Chapter Same as for Chapter IV.   Also SALE'S Preliminary Discourse to his translation of the Kor_n. AMEER, ALI.--The Spirit of Isl_m.   Part II.   Calcutta, 1902.    This book explains the practical duties from the standpoint of the New Isl_m. LANE-POOLE.--Studies in a Mosque.   London, 1883.    Very interesting and reliable account of outward observances. On Tradition MUIR, SIR WILLIAM.--Life of Mahomet.   Introduction. KOELLE, S. W.--Moh_mm_d and Moh_mm_danism.   London, 1894.    Best account extant.

276     ISL_M: A CHALLENGE TO FAITH PAUTZ, OTTO.--Muhammeds Lehre von der Offenbarung quellen- massig untersucht.   Leipzig, I898.    Scientific, and full of references to original authorities. On Prayer HUGHES.--Dictionary of Isl_m.   (Art.   Prayer.) HAMID SNOW.--The Prayer-book for Mosl_ms.   Lahore: Is- lamia Press, 1893.   Prayer-book of the New Isl_m. On Legal Alms BAILLE, N. B. E.--Moh_mm_dan Law.   London, 1869. On the Pilgrimage BURCKHARDT, J. L.--Travels in Arabia.   2 vols.   London, 1830. BURTON, R.--Personal Narrative of a Pilgrimage to El Medina and Mecca.   London, 1857 and later.    As interesting as a novel; accurate and illustrated.   To be found in every good library. HURGRONJE, SNOUCK.--Mekka, mit bilder Atlas.   2 vols.   The Hague, 1888.    Encyclopedic.   Beautiful quarto photographs of scenes in Mecca. HURGRONJE, SNOUCK.--Het Mekkaansche Feest.   Leyden, 1880.    A philosophical prize paper on the origin of the Pilgrimage ceremonies. On Jihad SPEER, R. E.--Missions and Modern History.   Vol. II, pp. 441- 384.   Revell & Co., 1904.    An account of the Armenian massacres. COLQUHOUN ARCHIBALD R.--Pan-Isl_m (in North American Review for June, 1906).    Also the literature on the Mahdi in the Soudan, in Somali- land, and the present agitation in Morocco. CHAPTER VI On the Whole Chapter SPEER, ROBERT E.--My. Principles and Practice.   Chapter XXIV.   New York: Revell & Co.    Gives a picture of conditions in Persia.

APPENDIX E     277 The Moh_mm_dan World of To-day.   Chapters II, VI, VII, IX and XIII.   New York: Revell & Co. HAURI, JOHANNES.--Der Isl_m in seinem Einfluss auf das Leben seiner Bekenner.   Leyden, 1880.    Authoritative and philosophical. JESSUP, H. H.--The Moh_mm_dan My. Problem.   Phil- adelphia, 1889.    Succinct and strong. HAMILTON, C.--The Hedaya: A Commentary on Mosl_m Law. Translated.   Edited by Grady.   London, 1890.    The best text-book on the subject.   Gives details of laws on marriage. divorce, slave-trade, usury, and the whole subject of criminal and civil law. On Isl_m and the Decalogue KELLOGG'S Handbook of Comparative Religion.   Pp. 116-124. On Polygamy, Divorce and the Degradation of Women Our Mosl_m Sisters: An account of the conditions of woman- hood in all Mosl_m lands; written by mies.   New York: Fleming H. Revell Company, 1907. PERRON.--Femmes Arabs avant et depuis l'Islamisme.   Paris, 1858.    Excellent. JESSUP, H. H.--Women of the Arabs.   New York, 1874.    Interesting, and not yet out of date. HUME-GRIFFITH, M. E.--Behind the Veil in Persia and Turkish Arabia.   Philadelphia, 1909. DE REGLA, PAUL.--Theologie Musulmane.   El Kitab des lois secretes de l'Amour.   Translated from the Arabic.   Paris, 1906.    Reveals all "the hidden depths of Satan" in Moh_mm_dan morals.   Any- one who doubts the moral degradation of Isl_m and its Prophet is referred to books such as this. On Slavery BLYDEN, E. W.--Christianity, Isl_m and the Negro Race.   Lon- don, 1888.    A strong plea for the superiority of Isl_m in its treatment of the negro. My. Review of the World, June, l899.   Article on The Present Centre of the Slave Trade. HUGHES.--Dictionary of Isl_m.   Article on Slavery.

278     ISL_M: A CHALLENGE TO FAITH CHAPTER VII On the Whole Chapter SELL.--The Faith of Isl_m.   Chapter III. HUGHES.--Dictionary of Isl_m.   Articles on Sects and on the various sects by name. DE BOER, T. J.--History of Philosophy in Isl_m.   Translated by E. R. Jones.   London: Luzac & Co., 1903.    Best book on the subject, and very interesting reading. On the Sunnis    (All works on Isl_m, when not specified, describe the teaching of this, the orthodox sect.) On the Shiahs MALCOLM.--History of Persia.   2 vols.   1815. MERRICK, JAMES L.--The Life and Religion of Moh_mm_d. Boston, 1850.    A translation of the Shiah Traditions.   Unique and reliable, but rare. On Sufiism WHINFIELD, E. H.--Masnavi-i-Manavi, the Spiritual Couplets of ]alal-ud-din.   Translated and abridged.   London: Trub- ner & Co., 1898.    A compendium of Sufi lore and teaching; full of interesting anecdotes and clever stories. A Moh_mm_dan Brought to Christ: Autobiography of the late Rev. Imad-ud-Din, D.D.   Twenty-two pages.   C.M.S.   Lon- don, 1900.    A remarkable human document. The Derwish Orders BROWN, JOHN P.--The Derwishes, or Oriental Spiritualism. London: Trubner & Co., 1868.    The standard work on the subject in English, especially on ritual. PETIT, R. P. LOUIS.--Les Confrèries Musulmanes.   Paris Librairie, B. Bloud, 1902.    An interesting and brief account; up to date, and with good bibliography. JANSEN, HUBERT.--Verbreitung des Islams.   Berlin, 1897.    Gives statistics and location of all the various orders of Derwishes.

APPENDIX E     279 On the Babis SPEER, R. E.--Missions and Modern History.   Vol. I, pp. 118- 182.   Fleming H. Revell Company, 1904.    A full and fair account, with references and very valuable notes by other authorities. (See also SELL'S Faith of Isl_m.) On the Wahabis ZWEMER.--Arabia, pp. 190-200.   Also, The Wahabis: Their Origin, History, Tenets and Influence in Victoria Institute Journal; volume for 1901.    Gives complete bibliography and a chronology of Wahabi Empire. CHAPTER VIII On the Whole Chapter The Moh_mm_dan World of To-day.   Being papers read at the First My. Conference on behalf of the Moh_mm_dan world, held in Cairo April 4 to 9, 1906.   New York: Flem- ing H. Revell Company, 1906. Our Mosl_m Sisters: A cry from lands of darkness; interpreted by those that heard it.   Edited by ANNIE VAN SOMMER and SAMUEL M. ZWEMER.   Fleming H. Revell Company, 1907.    A series of papers, by mies., on the condition of women in every Mosl_m land. Isl_m and Christianity in India and the Far East.- -By Rev. E. M. WHERRY, D.D.   Lectures delivered before theological seminaries.   Fleming H. Revell Company, 1907.    Scholarly and up-to-date account of Isl_m in India, China, and Malaysia. Valuable historical material.   Very readable. Statistics of Population and Distribution of Moh_mm_dans. JANSEN, HUBERT.--Verbreitung des Islams.   Lithographed and issued in pamphlet form.   Berlin, 1897.    The statistics are exhaustive and, in most cases, reliable.   Bibliography is excellent. Government Census Reports of India.    Revue du Monde Musulman.--Publieé par la mission scien- tifique du Maroc.   VIII Vols. monthly from 1901.   Paris, 28 Rue Bonaparte.    A mine of up-to-date information.

280     ISL_M: A CHALLENGE TO FAITH CHAPTERS IX, X, XI AND XII Before Raymund Lull KELLER, A.--Der Geisteskampf des Christentums gegen den Is- l_m bis zur zeit der Kreuzzüge.   Leipzig, 1896.    An account of the attitude of the Christian church toward Isl_m and the early controversial writings up to the time of the Crusades.   Valuable bibli- ography. THOMÄ, JOHANNES.--Zwei Bücher gegen den Muhammedanis- mus von Petrus Venerabilis.   Leipzig, 1896.    A translation of the controversial tracts of Petrus Venerabilis from the Latin, with introduction. STEINSCHNEIDER, MORITZ.--Polemische und Apologetische Litera- teur in Arabischer Sprache Zwischen Muslimen Christen und Juden.   Leipzig, 1877.    A history of Mosl_m and Christian controversial writings from the earli- est times. On Raymund Lull [RC] BARBER, W. T. A.--Raymond Lull, the Illuminated Doctor.   A study in medieval missions.   London, 1903. [Info only] ZWEMER, SAMUEL M.--Raymund Lull, First My. to the Mosl_ms.   (Full bibliography.)   New York, 1902. [Info only] ANDRE, MARIUS.--Le Bienheureux Raymund Lulle.   Paris, 1900. [Info only]    These three biographies, appearing almost simultaneously, give a three- fold portrait of Lull: the first of the philosopher, the second of the my., and the third of the Roman Catholic saint and martyr. Other Biographies SMITH, GEORGE.--Henry Martyn, Saint and Scholar, First Mod- ern My. to the Moh_mm_dans.   1781-1812.   New York (no date).    The best life of Henry Martyn. EPPLER, CHRISTOPF F.--Dr. Karl Gottlieb Pfander ein Zeuge der Wahrheit unter den Bekennern des Isl_m.   Basel, 1900.    A brief biography of Pfander, with portrait. SINKER, ROBERT.--Memorials of the Hon. Ion Keith-Falmoner, M.A., Lake Lord Almoner's professor of Arabic in the Uni- versity of Cambridge and my. to the Moh_mm_dans of Southern Arabia.   Sixth edition.   Cambridge, 1890. BIRKS, HERBERT.--Life and Correspondence of Bishop Thomas Valpy French.   2 vols.   London, 1895.

APPENDIX E     281 JESSUP, H. H.--The Setting of the Crescent and the Rising of the Cross; or, Kamil Abdul Messiah.   Philadelphia, 1898.    The story of a Syrian convert who became a my. in Arabia.   This interesting volume has been translated into German, Danish, and Dutch. AWETARANIAN, JOHANNES.--Geschichte eines Muhammedaners der Christ Wurde.   Deutsche Orient Mission.   Berlin, 1905.    Autobiography of a Turkish convert now a my. to Mosl_ms. IMAD-UD-DIN.--A Moh_mm_dan Brought to Christ: An au- tobiography translated from the Hindustani by the late Rev. R. Clark; with appendix and notes.   London: Church My. Society, 1900. Organized My. Work RUTHERFORD, J. and GLENNY, EDWARD H.--The Gospel in North Africa.   Story of the North Africa Mission.   London, 1900. WATSON, ANDREW.--The American Mission in Egypt.   1854-1896. Pittsburg, 1898. WATSON, CHARLES R.--Egypt and the Christian Crusade.   Phila- delphia, 1907. HAMLIN, CYRUS.--Among the Turks. PRIME, E. D. G.--Forty Years in the Turkish Empire. STOCK, EUGENE.--History of the Church My. Society. ZWEMER, SAMUEL M.--Arabia, the Cradle of Isl_m.   New York, 1900. BARTON, JAMES L.--Daybreak in Turkey.   Boston, 1908.   Timely, accurate and full of information nowhere else accessible on history of missions in the Turkish Empire. BARTON, JAMES L., and others.--The Moh_mm_dan World of To-day.   Being papers read at the First My. Confer- ence, on behalf of the Moh_mm_dan world, held at Cairo April 4 to 9, 1906.   New York, 1906.    A symposium on the present conditions and outlook.    For further information on these four chapters, consult the general histories of missions and the reports and periodicals of the societies given in Appendix D.

Reference-- Isl_m, A Challenge to Faith. Student Volunteer Movement, New York. 1st Edition, 1907. 295 pages. 2nd Edition, Marshall Brothers, London, 1909. German Translation: 1911. Danish Translation: Copenhagen, 1910. French Translation: Paris, 1922.